Medicines with Sugar Chains

Many proteins contain patterns of sugar molecules (glycans) and are made of several aggregated subunits. This glycosylation and oligomerization has a decisive influence on protein function and must be considered in biopharmaceutical development. In the journal Angewandte Chemie, a British team has introduced an approach based on native top-down mass spectroscopy (MS) that can be used to analyze the interplay between glycosylation and oligomerization in various therapeutic hormones and cytokines.

In conventional MS, molecules break into fragments, but native MS makes it possible to examine folded protein oligomers bound to glycans. In the top-down method, the oligomers are subsequently separated by means of a gas-phase dissociation and measured. In a final step, gas-phase fragmentation is used to split off and analyze the glycans. For a given protein complex, it is thus possible to determine the proportions of monomers and oligomers present—whether in an organism or in a batch of medication—and which different glycosylation patterns occur and in what amounts.

Carol V. Robinson and Di Wu at the University of Oxford (UK) concentrated on glycans that are located at the interface between two subunits and can play an important role in oligomerization. They compared the results of their measurements with a theoretical model that was computed based on the dissociated subunits. This made it possible to draw conclusions about the stabilization effect of the glycans.

One of the therapeutic glycoproteins they studied was interferon-β (IFN-β), an anti-inflammatory cytokine that is used to treat conditions such as multiple sclerosis. IFN-β1a forms an asymmetrical homodimer. The MS analyses showed that most of the primary forms of both the monomer and dimer are glycosylated. However, for this cytokine, dimerization is independent of glycosylation status.

Things are different for tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), an inflammatory cytokine. Antibody-based biopharmaceuticals that neutralize TNF-α are used in cases of autoimmune disease, such as rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn’s disease, and psoriasis. TNF-α is a homotrimer with one glycan at the interface of each subunit. The MS analyses, and experiments with a small molecule that disrupts the trimerization, indicated that the glycans significantly stabilize the TNF-α trimer.

Robinson and Wu also studied the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH, follitropin), a heterodimer made of α and β subunits. Drugs based on follitropin α are used for fertility treatments. The team discovered an unusual distribution of glycans on the α subunit. One of these glycans interacts extensively with the β subunit and is clearly involved in regulation of the dimerization.

The knowledge gained through native top-down MS experiments could help to tailor glycans in therapeutic proteins to improve their stability and effectiveness.