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• AFM Tips from the Microwave

  Scientists from the Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena (Germany) were successful in improving a fabrication process for Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) probe tips. Atomic Force Microscopy is able to scan surfaces so that even tiniest nano structures become visible. Knowledge about these structures is more

• Radio chip and sensor in one

  RFID technology is on the advance. But, up to now radio chips primarily supply data for the identification of products. Researchers have now developed a transponder which measures temperature, pressure and humidity. The chip with sensor function could revolutionize the applications market. »Special more

• Fuel cells in operation: A closer look

  Measuring a fuel cell's overall performance is relatively easy, but measuring its components individually as they work together is a challenge. That's because one of the best experimental techniques for investigating the details of an electrochemical device while it's operating is x-ray photoelectro more

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• Innovative column technology for liquid chromatography
  

  Fast, efficient and cost saving chromatography of various samples by application of a liquid stationary phase. Termination of disadvantages of the solid phase material used in classical chromatography. more

• Do you see the complete picture?
  

  Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) or also named size exclusion chromatography (SEC) is the most often used method for determining the molecular weight of natural and synthetic macromolecules. One specific strength of this method lies in the fact that by the separation process the whole molecular weight distribution is obtained. The molecular weight distribution contains much larger information for the characterization of polymer samples compared to a single value. more

• The Determination of Hazardous Substances According to RoHS and WEEE Directives
  

  1st July 2006 is an important deadline for the electro- and electronics industries. This date bans hazardous substances like lead, cadmium, mercury, hexavalent chromium and polybrominated biphenyls and diphenyl ethers from electro- and electronic equipment. This restriction, even though in discussion since 1991, has become more and more important from year to year because of tons of electronic waste releasing toxic substances which are accumulated in the environment, the food chain and all human beings. In order to enforce the substances ban and the limitation or substitution of hazardous components, elemental analysis is obviously the most important control measure for monitoring limiting values. This requires precise analytical systems such as X-ray fluorescence, ICP- and atomic absorption spectrometers. These instruments are able to detect trace concentrations of hazardous compounds - for example cadmium, using an atomic absorption spectrometer in the flame atomization mode up to 0.1 mg/L, or using the di more

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